Must-Read Topics of Narrative Essays

Narrative essays are used to tell stories. The articles are generally about personal experiences and should have a clear point engaging the audience. Although it is possible to convey a complex idea with just one still image, narrative essays can also tell an exciting story, giving your audience a vivid picture on the topic. In order to write the best narrative, replicate on what you know best. When looking for items to write on, stick to what you are comfortable with and subject matters that you are familiar with. Topics that are relate to your experience will allow you to write a convincing story that is more enjoyable. The Essentials of Writing an Excellent Narrative Essay In general, essays are non-creative writings while a narrative essay is an account of events that are mostly drawn from an authors life. The difference between a personal and a narrative essay is that a personal essay reflects on essential points and deeper facts while a narrative essay remains realistic and clear from being incredibly thoughtful. Narrative essays serve a wide range of purposes, and the ones who are most successful share three necessary character traits which are: Making an essential point. Have precise details in support of the point. Are clearly organized in time. When writing a narrative, it should contain a touching appeal. The narrative might be humorous or even serious, but it should be written in a way that allows your audience to connect with your story. Maybe your audience had a similar experience with the triumph or challenges that you encountered. Topic Ideas on Narrative Essay Writing A narration describes a sequence of events. This brings the question which incident should you write about? When a narrative essay is done, it looks easy to write but choosing the topic to write on is the hardest part. What you are searching for is a particular event that you can recount in an essay that is well developed and organized. Here are some ideas on great topics to write on. The First Day You Went to School or the Most Exciting Day You Ever Had in School A Field Trip that Your Class Has Ever Taken Your Favorite Summer Vacations The Day You First Got a Pet Your Favorite Birthday or a Birthday that Was Unsatisfactory The Day the Power Went Out An Injury You Got An Arbitrary Act of Kindness Something that Was Embarrassing that Ever Happened to You A Memorable Funeral or a Wedding A Time You Went Against Your Parents Wishes When You Got Scared due to a Significant Storm A Strange Encounter with a Stranger Who Turned Out to Be Your Friend A Circumstance that Led to the Falling Apart of a Friendship A Favorite or an Unforgettable Experience with a Family Member There so many topics to write on when it comes to narrative essays, but they depend on the experiences you have had. The essay is primarily about your personal experience, and it should have clear points that engage your readers.

First and Second Conditional Review ESL Lesson Plan

First and Second Conditional Review ESL Lesson Plan The ability to speculate about situations becomes more important as students become more advanced. Students will probably have learned conditional forms during intermediate level courses, but may seldom make use of these forms in conversation. However, making conditional statements are an important part of fluency. This lesson focuses on helping students improve their recognition of the structure and use it more frequently in conversation. Lesson Aim: Improve recognition of the first and second conditional forms used in conditional statements, while inductively reviewing the structures. Activities: Reading a short prepared text with first and second conditional forms included, speaking and replying to student-generated conditional questions, writing and developing structurally correct questions using the first and second conditionals Level: Intermediate Outline: Ask students to imagine the following situation: Youve arrived home late at night and you find that the door is open to your apartment. What would you do? Refresh students awareness of the conditional in this relaxed introductory portion of the lesson.Have students read prepared extract using conditionals.Ask students to underline all conditional structures.In groups, students complete fill-in activity based on the previous reading.Correct worksheets in small groups. Move about the room helping students with their corrections.Go over corrections as a class.Answer any questions they may have on the first and second conditional structure at this point.In groups, have students prepare two what if situations on a separate piece of paper. Ask students to employ first and second conditionals.Ask students to exchange their prepared situations with another group.Students in each group discuss the what if... situations. Move about the class and help students - especially concentrating on the correct production of the first and second conditional forms. Practice conditional form structure with this real and unreal conditional form worksheet providing a quick review and practice exercises. The past conditional worksheet focuses on using the form in the past. Teachers can also use this guide on how to teach conditionals. Exercises Exercise 1: Emergency Procedures Directions: Underline all conditional structures with either 1 (first conditional) or 2 (second conditional) If you take a look at the handout, youll find all the telephone numbers, addresses, and other necessary information. If Tom were here, hed help me with this presentation. Unfortunately, he couldnt make it today. OK, lets get started: Todays subject is helping guests with emergency situations. Wed certainly have a worse reputation if we didnt handle these situations well. Thats why we like to review these procedures every year. If a guest loses his passport, call the consulate immediately. If the consulate isnt nearby, youll have to help the guest get to the appropriate consulate. It would be great if we had some more consulates here. However, there are also a few in Boston. Next, if a guest has an accident which is not so serious, youll find the first-aid kit under the reception desk. If the accident is serious, call an ambulance. Sometimes guests need to return home unexpectedly. If this happens, the guest might need your help in making travel arrangements, re-scheduling appointments, etc. Do everything you can to make this situation as easy to cope with as possible. If there is a problem, the guest will expect us to be able to handle any situation. Its our responsibility to make sure ahead of time that we can. Exercise 2: Check Your Understanding Directions: Fill in the blanks with the correct missing half of the sentence youll have to help the guest get to the appropriate consulateyoull find all the telephone numbers, addresses, and other necessary informationthe guest will expect us to be able to handle any situationif we didnt handle these situations wellIf Tom were hereIf this happensIf a guest loses his passportcall an ambulance If you take a look at the handout, _____. _____, hed help me with this presentation. Unfortunately, he couldnt make it today. OK, lets get started: Todays subject is helping guests with emergency situations. Wed certainly have a worse reputation _____. Thats why we like to review these procedures every year. _____, call the consulate immediately. If the consulate isnt nearby, _____. It would be great if we had some more consulates here. However, there are also a few in Boston. Next, if a guest has an accident which is not so serious, youll find the first-aid kit under the reception desk. If the accident is serious, _____. Sometimes guests need to return home unexpectedly. ______, the guest might need your help in making travel arrangements, re-scheduling appointments, etc. Do everything you can to make this situation as easy to cope with as possible. If there is a problem, _____. Its our responsibility to make sure ahead of time that we can.

Conflict Resolution - Mediation 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Conflict Resolution - Mediation 2 - Essay Example Unlike arbitrators, the mediator has no legal authority of imposing any decision rules but relies on persuasion in order to reach an agreement to the dispute. The process involves confidential meetings with the participants where the mediator has no liberty to reveal what the participant said during the meeting without the express consent of the participant. The mediation process involves key steps which include the opening statement at the meetings, education phase, options (alternatives) generation phase, negotiation phase and closing phase (Billikopf 1). The opening statement involves setting the rules of engagement like confidentiality requirements and ground rules of approaching the negotiation phase. The education phase of the mediation phase entails setting the perspectives of the dispute, the key needs of each disputant and feelings of each party to the dispute. At this stage, the disputants are required to relive themselves of any negative feelings towards each other and con fidently state their desired outcome towards the dispute. The alternatives seeking stage involves brainstorming and searching for the viable alternatives of ending the dispute. The negotiation parties explore the alternatives of ending the dispute at the negotiation stage while the final stage includes closing the dispute with the most viable and mutually agreed solution of settlement (Billikopf 2). Transformative dispute mediation style involves an opportunity for moral growth and empowerment of the parties to the dispute. The mediator will encourage the debate to the conflict and direct the process while adhering to the ground rules set by the parties. Problem solving mediation sees the conflict as a short term situation that needs a solution whereby the mediator acts as an expert in finding the solutions to the settlement. The mediator can adopt a party controlled approach whereby discussions include broad questions and allowing emotions or an evaluative approach whereby emotions are limited and have authority to direct the discussions. Some principles to mediation include openness, balanced approach, resourcefulness, inspiration and tactfulness in approaching the mediation process. The mediator should remain impartial and neutral during the mediation process while disclosing any potential instances that may cause conflicts of interest. The mediator should build confidence to the process by showing his confidence and trust which is demonstrated by his or her ability to smile, listen, remain tactful and build cordial relationships with all the disputants. The mediator should undertake the responsibility of ensuring no potential instances that contribute to conflict of interest which can jeopardize his impartiality and neutrality to the mediation process. Emotions such as anger, sadness and shame should be avoided during the mediation process since they may result to defensiveness or criticism during the mediation process. During a party-mediated process, the mediator should conduct the mediation process in a manner which ensures competence and mutual respect to all the disputants. Some levels of resolution which are critical include the end to behavioral fighting, settlement of conflict issues, eliminating the emotional tensions and reconciliation of the outstanding disputes between the disputants. Party directed mediation is mainly useful when poor communication, and personality conflicts exist which threaten the ongoing interpersonal relations. The purpose of

OSHA Legal Aspects of Safety and Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

OSHA Legal Aspects of Safety and Health - Essay Example OSHA is also allowed to issue multiple penalties incase the consideration is on per instance basis (Ehlke, 2005). In this case, the standard violated needs to have clearly stipulated that compliance is per individual employee. In this instance, record keeping and lead protection standards stipulate that all recordable injuries should be entered on the log and an employee should be removed from work after being exposed. Also in case an employer has persistent high rates of injuries and/or fatalities, long history of violations, intentional ignorance to standards and lastly, bad faith multiple citations can be issued (Ehlke, 2005). These are good examples where multiple violations can be cited by OSHA under the egregious violations policy. It is important to note here that OSHA has the discretion to group violations and use this as a basis to propose penalties with multiple violations attracting single or multiplied penalties. References Ehlke, B. M. (2005). OSHA targets for 2005. Retr ieved 25 Jan. 2011 from, http://library.findlaw.com/2004/Aug/1/231145.html

Hormones in the Environment Can Cause Male Infertility Research Paper

Hormones in the Environment Can Cause Male Infertility - Research Paper Example Other substances are generated as a byproduct during manufacturing or are breakdown of chemicals. These compounds can have morphological and physiological effects in the body. In general, health effects associated with EDCs include a range of reproductive problems (reduced fertility, male and female reproductive tract abnormalities, and skewed male/female sex ratios, loss of fetus, menstrual problems); changes in hormone levels; early puberty; brain and behavior problems; impaired immune functions; and various cancers. EDCs not only affect adults but are particularly potent when exposure occurs during fetal and early postnatal development. An environmental endocrine or hormone disruptor is an exogenous agent that interferes with the synthesis, secretion, transport, binding, action, or elimination of natural hormones in the body that are responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis, reproduction, development, and/or behavior. They enter your body through ingestion, inhalation, and d ermal contact. These compounds mimic, enhance (an agonist), or inhibit (an antagonist) the action of hormones. The number of known endocrine disruptors is large and continuously increasing, and includes both naturally occurring and synthetic substances. Some, called phytochemicals, reside in fungus and plants, including mold, clover, whole grains, soybeans and other legumes, and many fruits and vegetables. Human activities release other naturally occurring EDCs: the heavy metals lead, mercury, and cadmium. Chemically, environmental hormones such as polychlorinated dibenzop- dioxins (PCDDs), 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-ethane (DDT), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are composed of an aromatic system substituted with chlorine at various positions. They are potently toxic in biological systems, and teratogenic to animals. Moreover, it has been reported that the chemicals 2,2-bis(p-ydroxyphenyl)propane (bisphenol A, BPA) and diethyl stilbestrol (DES) mimic natural hormon es, and may disrupt the endocrine systems in animals and humans (Kobayashi et al. 680). Common EDCs having estrogenic activity can come from house hold material like solvents and adhesives such as those found in nail polish, paint remover, and glues; emulsifiers & waxes found in soaps and cosmetics, dry cleaning chemicals, nearly all plastics, (also phthalates, synthetic compounds that add flexibility to plastics, such as the plastic tubes and bags used in storing and delivering IV fluids to patients, and the rubbery toys children play with), meat from livestock fed estrogenic drugs to fatten them up, surfactants such as nonoxonyl (spermicides) found in many condoms and diaphragm gels, and petrochemically based scented products & perfumes. Synthetic chemicals such as pesticides, herbicides, polychiorinated biphenyls (PCBs), plasticizers, and surfactant breakdown products are known to have estrogenic activity. Currently, four major classes of environmental hormones that interact dire ctly with steroid hormone receptors are known: environmental estrogens, environmental antiestrogens, environmental antiprogestins, and environmental antiandrogens. Physiologically dioxin acts as antiestrogenic; carbamate insecticides as antiprogestigenic; and polyaromatic hydrocarbons, linuron, vinclozolin, and p,p’-DDE as antiandrogenic (Cheek and McLachlan 9). The hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis is a critical part in the development and regulation of

Eros And Civilization Analysis

Eros And Civilization Analysis In order to be able to fully understand this literary piece of work, it is important to first start by defining a few terms that will mostly be referred to in this piece of work; Eros refers to an instinct that works towards self-preservation, pleasure and procreation. When the three are considered in a group, they are what constitute Eros. Civilization is a state or condition of being highly developed and mostly refers to a society that has a very high level of organization culturally and socially. In terms of individuality, civilization refers to a certain level of material comfort which a person is used to and probably would not do without. Repression or suppression, which can be used interchangeably in this context, refers to a psychological mechanism in which people try to protect themselves from harmful or not-so appealing thoughts, by blocking them out of their conscious mind. Capitalism is a free market system in which there is private ownership of capital (means of productio n). Distribution of goods and services is based on a motivation to gain more profits than ones competitors. Instincts are strong freely occurring impulses that occur in the mind to warn somebody about something without necessarily reasoning about it. Sometimes also known as an inborn trait, it is the behavior pattern shaped by biological necessities (Herbert, p.16). Eros and civilization is a piece of literary work done by one Herbert Marcuse who was a German philosopher who lived in the 20th century. The literature revolves around a critique approach to Freuds sociological titled civilization and its discontents. Marcuse begins by giving an elaborate description of biology, which he argues is a fight against suppression of instincts, hence is a force that tries to bring out the best of intuition or the sixth sense as many call it. He continues to argue that capitalism, which is the economic lifestyle that has overtaken society, is up in arms trying all it can to prevent us from reaching the level of a non-repressive society. Herbert continues to say that the theory put forth by Freud that repression is a necessary condition if civilization is to survive in the current. On the contrary, Herbert thinks that Eros is more superficial, constructive and liberating (Herbert, p.16). What Herberts works aims at disapproving is the notion that human instincts and suppression/instincts/superego are always in conflict for survival. Freud argues that the superego is ever in a struggle to follow societys norms and rules at its own expense. In his view, Eros and civilization cannot co-exist, and their clash is what gives rise to a repressed humanity history. He continues to say that it is as a result of suppression of instincts is what has given rise to the modern level of civilization that we are living in today, without which civilization would not have been possible. He gives the example of the sexual instinct. Had it been that human beings give in to this instinct whenever it arises, without a second thought and without channeling that energy into progress, it is likely that there would be no civilization at all in the first place. Herbert comes in to argue that in as much the energy is channeled into progress, human beings do so at the expense of their Eros; pleas ure, procreation and self preservation, which should not be the case. According to Marcuse, progress is just another word for sacrifice of human happiness. He is of the opinion that conflict is not really between work and Eros, but between alienated labor and Eros. To give an example on this, he goes ahead to say that sex, for example, is a preserve of the capitalists, and for the laborers when they are not disturbing progress. He advocates for a socialist society that would not need the performance of the poor top progress, and hence a society that would not deliberately suppress the sexual drives of its inhabitants. Such a society would do away with alienated labor and in its place adopt non-alienated libidinal work. This would then give rise to a non-suppressive civilization. In his view, Herbert confidently infers that instincts are shaped by historical aspects like repression and that today, society suffers from increased suppression which is as a result of contemporary society (Herbert, p.24). The struggle for existence is a dynamic concept that should involve a rationality that subdues repressive reasoning. This way, when happiness and reason converge, they will be able to create their own hierarchy of doing things, their priorities and divisions of labor, without one being repressed to give way to the other. This is the performance principle that should administer things or events, but not people. This is so much in contrast to modern civilization which is nothing more than close coordination and arrangements that must carry recognized authority. Marcuse has established that todays hierarchical civilization does not come easy or with freedom per se, but it all the same comes so strongly because repression has become so effective that it has assumed the position of freedom. An attempt in the abolition of this order of things is seen as a terrorization of freedom, which in essence is nothing more than repression of gratification and pleasure. Freedom, in his perception is not only private, but does not exist in the absence or privacy. So the question arises, does civilization give rise to freedom, and how? If it does not, who is supposed to establish and enforce objective standards? After a closer analysis of other philosophers writings, Marcuse has settled for the idea that creation of a favorable human existence for all people is no longer confined to a selected few. It is now very possible to create happiness, but only if the human consciousness is not arrested and diverted elsewhere. People have the capacity to learn, understand and tell the difference between what can be termed as normal repression and excessive repression. This cannot be achieved overnight, but would, with time, give rise to a utopia society, marked with perfection, happiness and a balance between work and gratification (Herbert, p.27). Major themes raised by Herbert Marcuse In his theory of Eros and civilization, there are many life topics that this philosopher seeks to address. These themes include conflict, happiness, sexual desire/lust, gratification, and exploitation. In the theme of exploitation, we can see that repression is a force applied unconsciously by laborers, so that they can please their employers in the capitalist setting. The employers on the other hand know that their employees are working extra hard at the expense of their happiness, but they do nothing to liberate the employees from this torture. All the employers want is to maximize their profits from the labor of these poor fellows, while at the same time being able to enjoy the finer qualities of life. One of the things that they enjoy freely without having to repress their feeling is sex, as Marcuse says †¦sex is a preserve for the elite†¦ who in this case are non others than the exploitative employers. Life, looking at it from a larger perspective, also exploits the me mbers of society. This is because they put in so much effort into their work, with the hope of being able to enjoy rewarding benefits, but what happens? Life continues to tie them in a cycle of what is commonly referred to as the rat race; putting much effort with little or no rewards to enjoy. Isnt this exploitation (Herbert, p. 36). The theme of happiness comes out so strongly because it is the essence of the writing anyway. Herbert seems to strongly support the idea that happiness should be the essence of living, and anything that derives us of the opportunity to be happy should be done away with or modified to fit into the lifestyle in which we can derive happiness. Marcuse says that a utopia society is possible, a society where everyone is happy, satisfied with life and still enjoys the benefits of labor. He dreams of a society that will not require Eros does not posses a natural self-restraint, delay or detour from the normal course of life. The theme of gratification comes with happiness. Marcuse is of the idea that, when peoples desires are met and they have a sense of gratification, then the most likely thing that will follow is happiness. Gratification comes as a pre-requisite for happiness. When Eros and civilization co-exist at harmonious levels, what results is gratification. Conflict is depicted so clearly when Freud suggests that for there to be civilization, there must be some level repression. Civilization is viewed as progressive development and for progress to be realized, energies that seek gratification must be converted into energy and then directed towards progress. There is conflict of instincts, progress/development and happiness/gratification. This conflict as depicted by Freud is what forms the basis of Herberts critic theory of Eros and Civilization. There is also conflict of ideas in that while one philosopher feels that Eros and civilization cannot co-exist, the other one is of a totally different view and feels that Eros must be present if civilization is to be meaningful (Herbert, p.46). Sexual desire is theme that is sharply projected in Herberts work of Eros and civilization. To Marcuse, the ability to freely express and satisfy sexual desires equate to human liberation. This, he says, has become a preserve for the rich and the elite, while the poor and the less educated are left with nothing but alienated labor that forces them to suppress their desires, with a false hope of becoming civilized. He adopts the Marxist approach and advocates that human beings should adopt play, phantasm and art in order to be able to fully express their real needs and desires. Marcuse sees human beings as the vessels of abundance, with the full potential of gratification of energies and other faculties of existence. Non-repressive civilization is a concept that Marcuse is fond of referring to, having borrowed the idea from Marx, with a great emphasis on sexual liberation. Describe the internal logic of the piece of political philosophy you are reading. This piece of article has a great sense of logic in it, in that it brings out the complete essence of civilization. If civilization is described as the level of material comfort that an individual is able to enjoy and which he hopes to maintain, then it beat logic if man is able to create that wealth, but lacks the freedom or opportunity to enjoy the benefits that come with the wealth, then he might as well not have struggled so much to make that wealth. In as much as Freud argues that some repression is determined by society, Marcuse is of the feeling that some limitations that we impose on ourselves are not necessarily stimulated by an external repressive reality principle. Instincts, he says, are sometimes bound to obey the rules of nature because they happen to have inherent libidinal value. This he goes on to explain saying that there is a great possibility that the sexual instinct in nature has some characteristics that makes it impossible to achieve absolute gratification. Rep ression, if always allowed to dominate the human mind, would more likely than not become barriers to human freedom since they tend to protect that other nature from which pleasure, gratification and happiness originates. Eventually, human beings would not be able to rise to the level of self actualization; neither would they be able to differentiate gratification at the mere sense of the word and happiness as a result of gratification. If human beings concentrated on the pleasure principle, then they would be able to bring together their refusal s and selections, gauge which ones helps to alleviate conflict, pain and frustrations, then these antagonisms would be embedded with the rational mind of gratification ((Herbert, p.74). Pleasure principle is a concept based on psychoanalysis and was developed by Sigmund Freud and Marcuse applies it in his Eros and civilization theory to bring out the close relationship between the strength of Eros and the level of civilization that one can achieve depending on that strength. 6the principle of pleasure states that people are always on the look out for things, activities or events that bring them pleasure and not pain. They are always out to satisfy their biological and psychological needs. On the other hand, and contradictory to the pleasure principle is the reality principle, which tends to postpone gratification when necessary for attainment of a greater need at that moment. The id, which is the selfish nature in human beings, is ruled by the pleasure principle and starts operating when human beings are very young. As they grow older this nature is overtaken by the ego and superego, which teach man to suppress their immediate desires and emotions and to defer grati fication. This is how people learn to reason and to take account the reality principle, which even though seeks pleasure as well, does so in account of reality and hence postpones pleasure. Marcuse is of the idea that id should not be suppressed and should be let to rule, but in a balanced level. If the so much desired pleasure can be attained in the here and now and yet maintain the required level of civilization, then be it whatever the cost (Herbert, p.264). The reality principle on the other hand takes into account the advantage there is in postponing gratification for the sake of attaining a goal that is long lasting and which will provide security in the future. This is where the concept of repression comes in as depicted by Freud. The principle implies that is only desires and pleasures can be suppressed today and that energy directed towards growth and progress, then gratification will come at a later date, with all its benefits because with it will be happiness and satisfaction. To Marcuse, this is flawed thinking because repression of desires and emotions is an injustice to naturally occurring desires and wants. For example, he says, repressing the desire to have sex today in order to enjoy it at a later date when one is economically stable is doing an injustice to this natural biological drive that one is born with. Logically speaking, if these desires were not meant to be satisfied, why then do they exist in the first place? Why does their gratification have to be suppressed all in the name of civilization? In Marcuses words and opinion, it is very possible for these two factors to harmoniously co-exist (Herbert, p.67) Incorporate some historical context surrounding Herbert Marcuse. Herbert Marcuse was a German philosopher born in Berlin in the year 1898 and died in 1979. He was a critical thinker who in his lifetime wrote a lot of philosophical works among them being Eros and Civilization, One dimensional Man and The Aesthetic Dimension. In his early youthful years, he joined the German army and he later found his way into the soldiers council that participated in the Sparta cist uprising where he became a members. By the year 1922 he had completed his Ph.D. thesis at the University of Freiburg. He moved to Berlin after this and worked with a publishing house and while at it met and married Sophie Wertheim, who was a mathematician. In 1924 he and another writer by the name of Martin Heidegger, whom he referred to as his greatest teacher, wrote a book by the title Hegels Ontology and Theory of Historicity, which was later published in the year 1932. In 1933 after Marcuses academic career was blocked by the rise of the Third Reich, he joined the Frankfurt Institu te for Social research. In the same year he published his own review of Marxs Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844. This was the first publication that helped him gain a social standing as a theorist of his generation. He did not step here because while still a member is the Institute, he created a model for critical social theory by creating a theory on capitalism. In this theory he described the relationships between philosophy, sociology and cultural criticism. He went ahead and provided a criticism and analysis of German fascism. His works were boosted by the fact that he closely worked with critical theorist while in Frankfurt Institute (Herbert, p.301). In an analysis and critique of Marxs woks, Marcuse argued that many of Marxs thoughts had become too rigid for life and that they needed a phenomenological view in order to become revived and to apply to the modern-day life. This is bearing in mind that Marx had neglected individuality in his writings, yet Herbert was for liberation of humanity from the philosophical ideologies that held him captive. Herbert views a world where society would transform from capitalism to socialism. His study and critique of Hegels Ontology and theory of Historicity also had some major contributions to the Hegel renaissance that took place in Europe around the same time. His was an emphasis on the theory of spirit and dialects, which greatly shaped the outcome of the Hegel. Herbert became quite an observer on anything and everything about society, from politics, to economics to social interactions. So ingrained was he in analyzing society that in 1941 he wrote his own book in English whose title was Re ason and Revolution. The book traced the genesis of Hegel, Marx and modern social theory. In 1934 he had become a social radical and he fled from the Institute of social research in which he was based then and went to the United States where he lived for the rest of his life ((Herbert, p.304). Marcuse served in the Office of Street services and in the government offices in the years between 1941 and 1950. It was his experience in this workforce that led him to write the book Eros and Civilization. In his view, the US government was motivated by a desire to overcome fascism. It was in this book that Herbert tried to synthesize Marx and Freuds ideologies and to bring out an outline of a non-repressive society. He argued that the suggested repressed conscious in human being is expressed through daydreams, works of art, philosophy and other works of cultural projection. In his works, Marcuse hoped to bring out the possible outlines of non-repressive civilization characterized by libidinal and non alienated labor, play, free and open sexuality and liberation of humanity into freedom and happiness. His desire and vision for a liberated society gave shape to many of his 1960s writings and this is what helped him to become a major political, social and intellectual influence durin g his lifetime and years after his death. It was during his tenure at Brandeis University in the year 1958 that Marcuse published a critical study of the Soviet Union (Soviet Marxism) and his view and opinions are what brought to an end the taboo that existed within the government circles of criticizing the USSR and Soviet communism. He distanced himself from those people who had a tendency of viewing Soviet communism as a bureaucratic system that was not capable of reforms and democracy. To him, the Union possessed the potential to become liberal and this indeed was seen in reality in 1980 when the union came under the rule of Gorbavech. In an attempt to theorize the potential decline of capitalism, Marcuse published yet another critical book known as One Dimensional Man in 1964. He argued that the industrial society had succeeded in creating false needs in which individuals would be so much ingrained to satisfy that they would forget about everything else that pertains their lives. Media, industrial management, advertising and contemporary modes of thinking all worked in perfect harmony in order to keep humanity from complaining, negativity and opposition. As a result, man became a one-dimensional creature while his very aptitude and ability for critical thinking withered away. This book was severely criticized by orthodox Marxists and other theorists. However, it remains a great influence in the New Left as it was in the forefront for a demand of revolutionary change that earned Marcuse the respect of new radicals ((Herbert, p.216). Conclusion Eros and Civilization has continued to be a great piece of philosophical criticism that arouses mixed feeling among other philosophers and theorists. Marcuse is today a renowned social, political and economic critic although his influence is slowly but surely waning. However, this fading of his influence can greatly be attributed to the fact that there are not many writings that have followed since the publication of Eros and Civilization to support his works. However, this does not mean that his works have no relevance to the contemporary society we live in today. Marcuse presents humanity with rich and unbeatable philosophical views on human beings and their relationship to society in terms of nature, social theory and radical politics. In addition, Marcuse had a vision of the existence of a liberal, repression-free society that allowed people to attain happiness without necessarily postponing gratification. Marcuse comes out very strongly as a sharp, keen and ever-present social a nalyst. In other writings, he brings out the relationship between technology, economy, and culture and everydays life and even predicts a rapid change. In as much as technology was not so advanced in those days, we in the twenty first century can witness what this philosopher predicated. Marcuse had a great desire to leave behind a legacy and this he achieved without much struggle. Eros and Civilization, if well studied and analyzed forms a basis on which society can become free from oppression and repression and people can learn to live a day at a time. Work cited Herbert M., Eros and Civilization: A Philosophical Inquiry into Freud, London, Routledge, 1987

Is Communication Competency a Skill or an Art

Is Communication competency a skill or an art? Communication competency is a skill that relies on a combination of behavior and knowledge. To communicate effectively, you will need to understand cultural diversity, have good language skills, listening and interpersonal skills. According to David Morley’s essay, â€Å"Communication†, states that all communication refers to the activity of imparting, or transmitting messages containing, information, ideas, or knowledge. With communication you can earn the respect from thousands of people all due to the way you bring your message across.People with a clear vision and the skills to communicate that vision with the passion that makes them contagious become leaders. Leaders such as Alexander the Great, Napoleon, and Adolf Hitler radiate true inspiration and charisma. These great leaders were groomed from a very young age. Napoleon the first learned quickly the influence of the media and in 1793 published a prorepublican pamph let, â€Å" Le Souper de Beaucaire â€Å". He also founded two newspapers both for the troops in his army and also for circulation in France.His strict censorship and control from every aspect of the press, allowing the public to see what he wanted them to see. Alan Forrest in the, â€Å"Propaganda and the Legitimation of Power in Napoleonic France† explains how Napoleon fostered an important relationship with the art community. In doing this he forms an active role in controlling all forms of art production to suit his propaganda goals. Propaganda is an assertion of enthusiastic or energetic statement presented as a fact. Propaganda is a skilled form of communication that has been repeatedly used throughout history.Body language is non-verbal communication such as body posture, gestures, facial expressions and eye movements. The gestures or movements in which a person conscious or unconscious communicates their thoughts or feelings. Albert Mehrabian’s studies came t o two basic conclusions. The first is three basic elements in face-to-face communication; words, tone of voice, and nonverbal behavior (facial expressions). The second conclusion was how the person non-verbally match what is being said. Non-verbal cues are very mportant in conveying the message that the speaker is trying to give. Mehrabian’s studies linked the effect of three elements to communication: Words = 7%, Voice = 38%, and body language = 55%. Knowing this and reflecting back, Hitler was a highly skilled and effective speaker. He had a strong emotional persistence of purpose in his speeches. He would actually practice his speeches and new what hand gestures went where to make the best emphasis. Watching the videos of his speeches without tone lets you see the power in his body language.With tone you can hear the different vocal tones and emotion he used to convince the public. Hitler was mentored by Dietrich Eckart, one of the early founders of the occult Thule Societ y, and was taught politics. He learned how to use communication to get the public motivated and moving the direction he wanted them to go. He was able to turn an entire nation around, giving them a will to survive, to prosper making him a successful leader. Hitler was not a good person, but was a great Leader.A man like Alexander the Great through the teachings of the great philosopher Aristotle, was able to inspire keeping his army active and loyal using his excellent communication skills. This education built a strong emotional appeal (pathos) credibility of the speaker (ethos) and logic (logos). Giving him the intelligence to influence the audience to action. Rhetoric is the skill in the effective use of speech or writing as a way to persuade or influence people. Aristotle explains it best in the book, â€Å"Rhetoric† (trans. W. Rhys Roberts. :4:1359), who considers it a counterpart of both logic and politics, and calls it â€Å"the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion†. Rhetoric has been taught in universities during the middle ages and had influence within the church. Looking back through history we can see how the skill of communication has influenced the society. These men where able to take a handful of ideas, multiple language skills and transform them into a ceremony of communication. All of these men were very skilled in communication.When we look at these leaders, their education, their lives, and all the people that where constantly around them. We can only come to the conclusion that ‘Skill’ was the deciding factor of their success. The communication process requires multiple skills in interpersonal processing, listening, observing, speaking, and analyzing gestures. Communication is only complete when the listener understands what the speaker is trying to say. Misunderstandings are corrected by questions and answers, strategically placed examples or stories, follow up through critical thinking and feedback.Communication competency is a skill of getting your message across, through the background noise of culture. Using the appropriate words, preventing misunderstanding, understanding the audience, showing empathy, and communicating enthusiastically. Yes, Communication competency is a skill.Sources: †¢ Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia http://en. wikipedia. org/ †¢ David Morley’s essay, â€Å"Communication†. †¢ â€Å"Rhetoric† by Aristotle 350 B. C. E. (trans. W. Rhys Roberts. 1:4:1359) †¢ Mehrabian, Albert 1971. (Silent Messages)

On Theory of Brief History of Translation Essay

Abstract In general, since mankind started translation activities, the study of translation has never ceased. Discussions about translation have become so frequent that various translation theories have been formed gradually in Chinese. In this paper, Habermas’s theory of communicative action reinterpreting the concept of the understanding of translation studies, and Translation to indicate this special form of cross-cultural communication in how to effectively interpret metaphor. Keywords: theory of communicative action; metaphor comprehension; translation 1. Introduction Translation is a metaphor of language as the carrier of the cross-cultural communication activities, but also a language that will carry the message to another language to the inter subjectivity of communicative action. Inter subjectivity of communicative action for the research, after Germany modern philosopher Habermas’s â€Å"theory of communicative action† (Theory of Communication Action) opened the door for people new window. The theory is  swelling in different philosophical ideas and views to choose based on the creation of a complex, multifaceted â€Å"rational alliance system†, it â€Å"understood† as the core language, based on critical theory of the financial community, general pragmatics, social evolution theory as a unified framework. 2. Under the theory of communicative action the concept of translation studies to understand 2. 1 Translation studies in the new way – AC Zhu act theory. Translation Studies from the traditional structural linguistics semantic stage to stage, the development of transmission 90 to the 20th century deconstruction of the stage, after a lengthy process. Semantic translation of the traditional paradigm by the impact of the classical theory of knowledge, that â€Å"man is the soul,† the understanding of the object is totally dependent on the translator’s subjective feelings, emphasizing the translator’s understanding and inspiration, emphasis on â€Å"spirit† and â€Å"Transformation†, had gained the so-called flash in the pan. Because it is too much emphasis on the translator’s initiative to make this cross-cultural communication activities translate into a mystical practice. 80 years of the 20th century, structural linguistics in China set off a new upsurge in Translation Studies. People started to pay attention the text, try to use linguistic analysis methods instead of intuitive feeling that in the complicated hidden behind the words of a universal and regularities, as long as it can control the expression of all, making the translation into a simple mechanical operation, that is, the semantics of a target language are stored in the source language and regulations put a rule in the semantic content of thought into the preparation of. Obviously, such a tool and went to the other extreme – too much emphasis on language as the object of the role of law, then followed by the fierce criticism of the ideological trend. Deconstruction gives people a new way of thinking. It broke structure, deconstruction of the system so that the provisions of one dollar to diversify the situation, the logical name translation from the language of Sri Lanka fetters doctrine, but still it will be translated once again into the irrational, too much publicity consciousness, so that interpretation becomes an infinite delay activity, the understanding and exchanges between people seems to have become impossible. How to overcome this ideology of intolerance, effective language as medium of intercultural communication activities? I believe that the use of Habermas’s theory of communicative action, for the translation of research to find a new way of reason. 2. 2 Translation understands the concept of re-interpretation. A French translator said: â€Å"The translation is to understand and make people understand. † Building understanding is the cornerstone of translation is the first step in the process of translation, not a good understanding of the translation step. When we think the theory of communicative action has opened a new translation of the windows, it is necessary to understand the concept of re-interpretation. Habermas believes that the language as a medium of social interaction, verbal communication to understand each other, or far from effective communication. Communicative action in the language, that language, the analysis can be regulated. Each speech acts and statements have the effect the dual structure. Purposes of section as the main statement, in the communication layer between the main body; and vice statement as part of statement, in the main contents of the table between the layers. Part of the implementation of speech acts in a decisive role, because it limits the relationship between language and the listener, but also the meaning of the Statute of the contents of the statement. The two structures in the speech act are interdependent. Sometimes words that are a part of which may be stressed, but it does not mean denying other part, but it only temporarily relegated to a secondary position. For example, â€Å"my phone battery died,† the phrase, seemed to be merely stating the fact that mobile phone battery is dead, but in fact it implies a variety of behavioral significance; ? because the battery died, so I just did not pick up the phone; ? I must go recharge; ? I will not carry a cell phone and with PHS, the PHS something please call me. This is the hidden part of the implementation of, According to the specific situation; it would serve the purposes of this or that effect. Searle that â€Å"the idea of the original speaker, or intrinsic intentionality is converted to words, statements, signs, symbols, etc. , these words, statements, signs, symbols meaningful to speak out if they have a From the speaker’s thoughts in the derived intentionality. They not only have the traditional linguistic sense, but also with the intention of the speaker’s meaning. â€Å"This is undoubtedly the words of Habermas and similar to the dual structure theory. Accordingly on the significance of understanding is also necessary to double the corresponding division. Understand a word should be divided into two to look at the presentation layer is the known what on the issue, and in the communication layer is the know-how of the problem. Know -what is the statement that those who understand how to reach such a clear knowledge and understanding that it can acquire the knowledge; from the perspective of those who understand, to ask him to be able to understand semantics, syntax, rules, line up the â€Å"words, statements, mark the symbol â€Å"what constitutes the meaning. know how is the statement that those who have the ability to construct or implement the ability of this speech act is an implicit awareness of the rules; from the perspective of those who understand, to ask him who can understand the speech of this implicit awareness of the rules. In this dual understanding, understanding of the content of verbal expression is an understanding (know-what), but to those who truly grasp the inner speech must enter double intentionality level understanding (know-how), that is part of the implementation of the understanding. Therefore, understanding can not be stuck in the form of a priori judgments must be reached in the communication process. to understand the goal is to guide a recognition that â€Å"the sharing of knowledge, trust each other, the two international interdependence consistent with the subjective. â€Å"It not only includes the traditional understanding of linguistic expressions, but also† in connection with each other that the normative discourse related to the correctness of the background, and between the two main some kind of coordination â€Å", and† the two participants in the process of communication is something the world to reach understanding, and the intention to make himself understood each other. † 3. Metaphors Habermas’s theory of communicative action on the construction of translation studies methodology has the macro guidance of translation practice is also instructive significance? View of the Newmark said, â€Å"metaphor translation is a microcosm of all the language translation, because translation to the translation of metaphor methods were showing a wide range of choices: either transfer its meaning, or reshape its image, or a modification of their, or their meaning and image of the perfect combination. â€Å"The following instructions will use the metaphor theory of communicative action in cross-cultural communication The Interpretation of. Metaphor is a phenomenon of language use in the â€Å"Dictionary not found in metaphor. † Metaphor from the modern point of view of science should be in the form of metaphor with the exception, belong to different categories in the semantics, logic dislocation, resulting in a semantic conflict, and when the listeners have responded to the conflict, it generates a metaphorical sense, that is a metaphor to understand the words. For the metaphor of the operating mechanism, it was actually made such a description: â€Å"Metaphor involves two different areas (areas) concept; the production of metaphorical meaning is the result of the interaction between the two concepts. This interaction by mapping the way in the mapping process, belonging to a related concept and structure of the field was transferred to another area, the final after the formation of a new synthesis of conceptual structure, that is, metaphorically. And this mapping and integration process is based on two areas of similarity in some respects. â€Å"This is no doubt that the understanding of the need to double by metaphor. The process of understanding metaphors consist of two parts: the identification and metaphorical meaning metaphors inference. In fact this is a secondary level of understanding into the process of understanding. Give an example of people often referred to â€Å"The tongue is a fire â€Å", from the presentation layer of understanding (an understanding),† tongue â€Å"by the American Heritage Dictionary defines this way:† the fleshy, movable, muscular organ, attached in most vertebrates to the floor of the mouth, that is principal organ of taste, an aid in chewing, and swallowing, and, in human beings,, important organ of speech â€Å". We can say that the tongue is an important organ as the human body, the first and most vertebrates have the same taste and chew and auxiliary swallowing function, in addition to, or who have speech capabilities important language organ. to the basic meaning of the center, tongue behind the formation of the word meaning a large collection: it can mean something shaped like a tongue, such as tongue of flame (flame), guiding tongue (rail-oriented switch rail), switch tong (switch to copper), can also refer to human speech acts and speech capabilities, for example, hold one’s tongue (keep silent), lose one’s tongue (lose the capacity to speak, as from shock). The other key words in the speech act of fire, in the American Heritage Dictionary can be found in the following definition; â€Å"a rapid, persistent chemical change that releases heat and light and is accompanied not flame†.  the same , the meaning behind it can be found in the collection, such as, cooking fire (cooking fire), forest fire (forest fire), wild fire (wildfires), the fire of cannon fire), and other specific forms of the fire. You can also find other meaning, such as the boy is full of fire (which decided the boy is very warm and excited), He was on fire for mismanagement (because of poor management and blamed). When the tongue and the fire both carry the meaning of their huge collection of words is embedded in the basic language of A is B frame (sentence) to go when the logical relationship between the two on the adoption of â€Å"is’, to interact. † Is â€Å"used to denote a equivalents. it literally, or change a point of view, the presentation layer from the listener’s understanding of the term should be reasoning as follows:† the tongue is a fire â€Å". † is â€Å"meaning that the two sets is in some ways equivalent. However, we are both from the above understanding of the meaning of the word of view, they clearly belong to two different categories, among them with a ‘`is† connected, the the equivalent of conventional logic does not work, so from the presentation layer, we can identify this is a metaphor, thus completing the first part of understanding metaphors. When the listener is clear that to use metaphorical language behavior, the expressed will of the true meaning of metaphors to infer, that understanding will enter the second stage of course, understand the purposes of this part of speech acts, understanding â€Å"the original speaker’s thoughts, or inner intention. † Can be assumed that if â€Å"The tongue is a fire† is said to give an artist is accused by the media to listen to, then the speaker or may contain a sympathetic glance report of intention. Artists are always much media attention, due to For various reasons, may be one-sided media, the exaggerated reports of certain facts, and spread such a report will be turned into a stumbling news and rumors, they will more or less to the artist himself or his cause to bring a number of trouble. The context is the equivalent of the tongue and the fire provides a logical possibility: the tongue – the language of human organs – the words of the act – media coverage – people reported adverse reactions (Wei news and rumors) – to the artists themselves or their cause trouble (damage to reputation or hinder the cause of development), the fire – will shine the chemical substances – excessive light and heat of fire, destroying things, or even result in death, so that both the destruction of the found a similar function, logical reasoning tenable. â€Å"The tongue is a fire† means a variety of popular artists and no shortage of opinions and statements in the news or rumors coffee, they may attack their personality, or even because of their presence, the company lifted the employment relationship, or no one would dare ask this artistes. So we have reason to infer that the speaker is the issue of Renyankewei sigh, or cautioned entertainers say and pay attention to their own to avoid capture by the media hype after which her career. At this point, the listener to complete the original speech act of an effective understanding, guiding the listener and the speaker of some sort of recognition. Complete understanding of metaphor, must be made through an understanding (understanding of the content of verbal expression) to reach two to understand (the intrinsic intentionality of the speech understanding of those). In the same language system is the case, between systems in different languages should be so, because only then can an effective cross-cultural exchanges. How should we operate on the self-evident metaphor translation, or the preservation of the source language metaphor, or metaphor replaces the target language, or to have the target language  dominance feasibility, as long as it helps the reader to complete the intention of listening comprehension. 3. 1 Preservation of the source language metaphor. When the Metaphor and figurative language and translation in the source completely or substantially the same language, the metaphor for the body of the source language, target language readers will have to listen to listen to readers of the source language similar to the psychological Lenovo, and complete understanding of similar intent, target language are advised to preserve the source language metaphor. such as: Links to Research (1) He is the only foxes. English fox, fox and Chinese refer to the same animal, when it was used as that person when they contain â€Å"cunning† in Italy, even listen to the reader and writer, said in a different language systems and cultural background, it can effectively understand the implementation of the partial speech act: be careful of this man, he is cunning. Another example: (2) think tank think tank â€Å"Think tank† in the Chinese culture does not exist in, but the â€Å"library† in Chinese culture, store things in the middle, so even though the people in Chinese culture has not been recognized with the â€Å"library† to describe the characteristics of â€Å"thought â€Å"The collection, but this† library â€Å"of knowledge to guide on English culture† think tank ‘, the identity, so â€Å"library† This Vehicle can save down. After all, this cross-cultural communication, we can not underestimate the listen to the reader’s understanding, not to deprive them of their understanding of rights. In the translation process, in order to achieve the purpose of cross-cultural communication, and sometimes need to work to preserve the source language metaphor, that metaphor at the same time preserve the source language to make the appropriate explanation. Such as: (3) What will it be when the increase of yearly production is brought to a complete stop? Here is the vulnerable place, the heel of Achilles, for capitalistic production. (Friedrich Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844) If the complete cessation of growth in annual production, what the situation is going to do? Like Achilles heel, as this will be the Achilles heel of capitalist production.

Puritan Poetry and Edward Taylor

Puritan Poetry and Edward Taylor The Puritans produced many poets over the colonial period. Puritan lifestyle was based on three major principles. These principles were humbleness, simple life, and faith in G-d. The puritans strictly adhered to these principles. Another principle, although not as important, was the principle of regeneration. This is accepting people back into the Church or "re-bearing" them The poetry of the Puritans was greatly affected by these three and much can be seen about Puritan life from these texts. Edward Taylor's texts were also greatly influenced. Some of his poems are Upon a Wasp Chilled with Cold, Upon a Spider Catching a Fly, Huswifery, and Our Insufficiency to Praise G-d Suitably for His Mercy.In Upon a Wasp Chilled with Cold Taylor is greatly affected by the Puritan way. He speaks of "the northern blast." This "northern blast" is the troubles and sorrows of the average person. Soon after Taylor speaks of "Sol's warm breath."Rev. John Cotton (1585–1652)This is the grace of G- d. Taylor is speaking of the troubled human being saved by the grace of G-d. This relates to one of the principles of faith.In Huswifery Taylor shows the third principle of faith. He shows the principle of simple living. Taylor asks G-d to take all his immaterial positions and create for him a beautiful garment of G-d's glory. Taylor writes this while showing us that all he needs is to be clothed in G-d's glory and nothing else..In Upon a Spider Catching a Fly Taylor refers to another principle of faith, humbleness. He speaks of himself as the "petty fly" and how he is caught by the web of the devil. Then he says "Thy grace to break the cord" which shows his humbleness. He is asking God to help him because he cannot do it himself. He asks...

Word Choice All vs. All Of

Word Choice All vs. All Of Word Choice: All vs. All Of For such a short word, â€Å"all† can be complicated. It certainly has many uses! Here, though, we’re looking at one thing in particular: when to use â€Å"all of† rather than â€Å"all† by itself. Make sure you can avoid errors when using these terms by checking out our guide below. When to Use â€Å"All Of† The sense of â€Å"all† that applies here is its use as a determiner (or a predeterminer when it comes before another determiner). This means using â€Å"all† to indicate how much of something we’re discussing. For example, â€Å"all students† means â€Å"every single student,† not just some of them. As a rule of thumb, we use â€Å"all of† when â€Å"all† is a determiner and the next word in the sentence is a pronoun. When this is a personal pronoun (e.g., me, you, us, them) or a relative pronoun (e.g., whom, which), we need to â€Å"of† to make the sentence grammatical. For example: All of you were late to class. âÅ"“ All you were late to class. âÅ"â€" These are my students, all of whom were late. âÅ"“ These are my students, all whom were late. âÅ"â€" With demonstrative pronouns (e.g., this, these, those), the â€Å"of† is optional: All of these students were late. âÅ"“ All these students were late. âÅ"“ We can also include â€Å"of† before a noun phrase that begins with a determiner, such as the definite article (i.e., the) or a possessive pronoun (e.g., my, his, her, your, our, their). For instance: All of the students overslept. âÅ"“ All the students overslept. âÅ"“ Some style guides recommend leaving out â€Å"of† when it is optional. This will make a sentence more concise, but it is ultimately up to you. When to Use â€Å"All† By Itself So when do we need to use â€Å"all† by itself? As mentioned, you can do this when the next word is a pronoun or determiner. But there are situations when adding the â€Å"of† is not an option. These are: When â€Å"all† comes before a noun referring to an entire class of things. When â€Å"all† is used before an uncountable noun without a determiner (i.e., a noun with no plural form without a word like â€Å"the† or â€Å"my† in front). In the case of an plural noun that refers to an entire class, we would write: All cats are lazy. âÅ"“ All of cats are lazy. âÅ"â€" Here, we use â€Å"all† without â€Å"of† because â€Å"cats† refers to every possible feline, not a specific group of cats. And we would do the same if â€Å"all† came before an uncountable noun: All water is wet. âÅ"“ All of water is wet. âÅ"â€" In both cases, the â€Å"of† is not just unnecessary; it is grammatically incorrect. â€Å"All† as a Pronoun We mentioned above that â€Å"all† is always followed by â€Å"of† when the next word is a personal or relative pronoun. This only applies when â€Å"all† is a determiner. You will also see â€Å"all† used as a pronoun meaning â€Å"everyone,† â€Å"everything,† or â€Å"the only thing.† And when â€Å"all† is a pronoun, it can be combined with other pronouns without using â€Å"of†: This letter is for all whom it may concern. âÅ"“ All you need is love. âÅ"“ These sentences are both fine as â€Å"all† is used as a pronoun, not a determiner. Summary: All or All Of? When deciding whether to write â€Å"all† or â€Å"all of,† keep the following in mind: Use all of when the next word is a personal or relative pronoun. You can use either all or all of when the next word in the sentence is either a demonstrative pronoun or a noun phrase that begins with a determiner. Use all by itself when the next word in the sentence is a plural noun that refers to an entire class of things or an uncountable noun. And don’t forget to have your writing proofread! We will check your writing for errors, and we can even offer feedback on grammar and other issues.

Case study on the design of a contemporary Civil Engineering project Essay

Case study on the design of a contemporary Civil Engineering project - Essay Example The Strait of Messina Bridge Project The project overview The Strait of Messina bridge project was started in the year 2006 and was designed to end in 2008. Due to problems to do with finance and project budget terminated as suggested by Porter and Prince (2009). However with the election Silvio Berlusconi as the prime minister in 2008, the project was revived the same year. Once Messina bridge project is completed, it will become one of the longest suspension bridges to have been built in the world. The Messina Bridge will be sixty meters wide with twelve traffic lanes and two middle lanes for trains. It will therefore allow about one hundred and forty thousand vehicles and two hundred trains to use the bridge in a day. However there has been a debate of whether the bridge will stand earthquakes and also about its impacts to the environment. The project is still on construction and it has been designed to complete by 2012. The context of the project The historical context of the Str ait of Messina Bridge has been covered with several events. In 1969, different concepts of the bridge construction were offered for competition and among them was the cable-stayed design which later brought the issue of this project. Around 1979, a committee was set up and came up with a study for the crossing bridge as suggested by Lane (2010). Five years later a company by the name Stretto di Messina was established which came up with three ways to construct the bridge. The different ways were, one the suspension bridge, second the floating tunnel and finally the bored tunnel. Evidence was gathered from different experts who dismissed the ideas of the tunnel and advocated for the suspension bridge. The decision on the construction of the bridge raised a lot politically heated debates in Italy. Those supporting the decision argued that it created employment and boosted tourism. Those against it argued that it was unnecessary and the government would first focus on the roads more ef ficient. Some geological concerns were about the history of earthquakes in area would be a challenge to the project. Seismic-tectonic and wind conditions context has also been focused on. The ability of the bridge to overcome seismic effects and wind has been an issue of concern. The bridge once completed will be open fulltime without any traffic interruption due to strong winds. It will use special wind protection barriers capable of maintaining normal traffic movement even in the case of strong wind. The bridge has aerodynamic properties that give it the ability to withstand wind of any speed. In as far as seismic activities are concerned; the bridge has a natural insulation. This natural insulation makes the bridge insensitive to earthquakes. The structure is insulated against physical possibilities such as vibration. According to Simonis (2010), the Messina Bridge is designed to overcome an extreme earthquake which has a magnitude of about 7.1 being focused at about fifteen kilo meters from the site of the bridge. The environmental aspects of the Messina Bridge have caused resentment on the local people and a lot of protest. These aspects include the construction’s impact on the local wildlife and the traditional and poor structure of the region. Some measures have been taken to reduce the environmental impact of the project activities. These include using the tunnel’

The Basics of Marketing Ethics in the Cosmetics Industry Essay

The Basics of Marketing Ethics in the Cosmetics Industry - Essay Example The researcher states that for every professional, commitment to ethical principles and conduct is vital. Marketers have diverse ethical responsibilities for consequences that may emanate from their actions or decisions that may affect the public: customers and organizations. Based on ethical viewpoints, marketers conduct are guided by laws and regulations and basic rules of professionalism. Among the basic rules of professionalism that guide marketers are honesty and fairness. In essence, marketers must uphold integrity as professionals. They must undertake their duties through honor and dignity when serving their customers. They must not knowingly engage in activities that develop the conflict of interest. Further, marketers have the core duty to ensure information about products that they promote are not deceptive to customers. Marketers must reveal all substantial risks associated with a product that they promote or service usage to customers. In relation to honesty, information that is most likely to influence the customer’s decision to purchase should be disclosed by the marketer. During promotions, marketers must ensure their conducts are not misleading to the customer. They must not engage in deceptive sales strategies that may cause manipulations to the customer. Further, marketers must not engage in price fixing. In essence, they should disclose all price associated when the customer purchases a product. During promotions, marketers must apply rational balance between the buyer’s demands and seller’s interests. Currently, the company’s most dominant brands are NIVEA, Mauceri and La Prairie. NIVEA is among the global leaving skincare brand of products manufactured by the company. It expanded to international operations during the 1920s and 1930s. It has an estimate of 150 affiliates, globally, although Europe forms its largest market.